摘
德川幕府时期的出版物从未避开审查制度。从一开始就有三类出版物受到关注。涉及基督教的书籍是17世纪的主要目标,随着威胁的减少,对基督教的恐惧也就逐渐减轻。第二类出版物是对政治秩序造成损害的书籍。这类出版物在这一时期开始时尚不多见,但在18世纪里逐渐变得越来越频繁。第三类出版物,事关社会风气,提供了对色情文学作品进行审查的制度基础。在1720年之前,被禁的著作中第一类的有58部,第二类的有13部,第三类的有28部。[10] 18世纪带来了更加严厉和细密的法规。1720年的德川吉宗法规取消了关于国体的讨论,警告不得煽动民心,禁止出版那种将会令人回想起世代相传精英人物的家系表,并且含糊地指出了“新奇之物”(令人惊讶的事物)的危险。这些新奇之物可能易于产生误导,造成无知公众的迷失。于是可以预见,宽政改革时代将重申和扩充这些排除条款。陆续颁布的法令规定,所有出版物都须附有版权页标记,写明核发机关;对指导方针的违反将招致迅速的惩罚。新的指导方针发出警告,毋做无用的新奇之物或多余的出版物增发,并且要求得到行政长官公署的批准;他们规定一切事物当时的新闻业者都不得报道,也不许发生兴趣,警告不得把读者引入歧途,并且禁止用色情描写扰乱社会风气。
A few recommended readings:
Boehmer, Elleke. 2005 [1995]. Colonial and Postcolonial Literature: Migrant Metaphors. Oxford University Press.
Gandhi, Leela. 1998. Postcolonial Theory: A critical introduction. Allen and Unwin.
Loomba, Ania. 2005 [1988]. Colonialism/Postcolonialism. Routledge
Moore-Gilbert, Bart, Gareth Stanton and Willy Maley. 1997. Postcolonial Criticism. Routledge.
Young, Robert J. C. 2001. Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. Blackwell.
I don’t often recommend primary source readers, but in the case of postcolonial writing, a great deal of the literature is so dense that it helps to have an expert unpack core readings. You can hardly do better than Moore-Gilbert, Stant, and Maley’s edited volume (1997). It's probably one of the better entry-points to the field that I’ve read. Loomba (1988) and Boehmer (1995) are both very solid monographs that provide contrasting perspectives on the intellectual history of postcolonialism. I would recommend reading them together, while Gandhi (1998) is probably the most political historically-grounded of three histories I’ve recommended. All very good starting points. If you already have an understanding of postmodern literary criticism and at least a layman’s understanding of Marxist academic theory, then I would highly recommend Young (2001). It’s not entirely unproblematic in its historical methodology, but I think that it will be considered a masterwork in the field – and already is by some.